festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet

In the . The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. The Ss were given a very good reason, in addition to being paid, for saying what they did to the waiting girl. %PDF-1.7 % Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups. The text in this article is licensed under the Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). (p.47). ", 3. The results from this question are shown in the last row of Table 1. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. Her improved performance is an example of. 1. The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following? There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. Nicole will probably experience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. Six chapters are new to this book; two are reprints of chapters . Social Researcher. by meredith_davis9, Therefore, this appears to support Festinger's notion of cognitive dissonance as a "motivational state of affairs" (Festinger, 1962), and greatly contrasts to self-perception theory, which is defined as an individual's ability to respond differentially to his own behaviour and its controlling variables, and is a product of social interaction . It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) conducted an experiment entitled "Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance". Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. Would the subject have any desire to participate in another similar experiment? Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. The larger the pressure used to elicit the [p. 210] overt behavior (beyond the minimum needed to elicit it) the weaker will be the above-mentioned tendency. 0000000848 00000 n _______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility. In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. /Root 48 0 R At the close of the interview the S was asked what he thought the experiment was about and, following this, was asked directly whether or not he was suspicious of anything and, if so, what he was suspicious of. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? From this point on they diverged somewhat. Leon Festinger and his colleague James The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. % Vince's behavior is an example of. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). Hum. Search over 500 articles on psychology, science, and experiments. The participants were experiencing cognitive dissonance because they were being asked to tell other people that the tasks were fun and interesting when, in reality, they were tedious and boring. This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. He did so in order to make it convincing that this was [p. 205] what thc E was interested in and that these tasks, and how the S worked on them, was the total experiment. The results on this question are shown in the second row of figures in Table 1. Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? /E 95019 This study showed people are subjected to conformity for the first time scientifically. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. When Gene goes out of town, he expects, in return, that Roger will water his plants. He then said: The E then took the S into the secretary's office where he had previously waited and where the next S was waiting. 50 0 obj The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with " Meas-ures of Performance." During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that the psychology department was conducting. 2. FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0` 98sUx GHM. New York Times, p.C1. New York Times, p.C1. [2] All statistical tests referred to in this paper are two-tailed. that the participants who were paid $20 would experience less "Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." He explained that, since they were required to serve in experiments, the department was conducting a study to evaluate these experiments in order to be able to improve them in the future. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable /H [ 658 210 ] 3. (p.47) Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? This illustrates, If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is, more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking, When trying to persuade an audience, the message should. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with "Measures of Performance.". 1 Typically the behavior is in the past, by the time the person feels dissonance, so the behavior cannot be changed. Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? When her boyfriend refuses, she asks, "Well, will you at least wash the dishes then?" Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. GzXfc^+"R89DP{va3'72IKmr(6*k&LCl7pK)rMTvlTx6Gdo-mnsU Sandy was using_______ processing. (The secretary had left the office.) If you have a negative attitude toward something, but you behave like you enjoy it, this causes dissonance. hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. One Dollar condition. He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. 48 0 obj Sherry H. Priester This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of, The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called. B. [1] The experiment reported here was done as part of a program of research supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to the senior author. endobj In the chapter section Attitudes and Behaviours that Affect Social Interaction, Paul Angelini (2011) introdected the negative elements of social interactio Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language, In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to, give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task. On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. %%EOF Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. Introducing Cram Folders! Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream He reasoned that if the person is induced to make an overt statement contrary to his private opinion by the offer of some reward, then the greater the reward offered, the greater should be the subsequent opinion change. The three components of attitude are _____, thoughts, and actions. xref Which of the following researchers conducted a series of studies on conformity that involved having a subject judge the length of three lines after a group of confederates all reported an obviously incorrect answer? 4. Let us review these briefly: 1. The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings. >> The difference between the One Dollar condition and the Twenty Dollar condition (-.25) reaches only the .15 level of significance (t = 1.46). Why are black people stopped by police more than white people? Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. OP>$O '@n#}  C To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. 0000011828 00000 n The E then paid the S one dollar (twenty dollars), made out a hand-written receipt form, and asked the S to sign it. Were the tasks interesting and enjoyable? As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. & KING, B.T. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is_______. Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance: Which of the following is an example of indirect characterization? endobj The amount of money paid the subject was varied. Or is there something more nuanced at play? Which of the following represents the cognitive component of an attitude? Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. //document.getElementById('maincontent').style.display = 'none'; In the first experiment designed to test these theoretical ideas, Aronson and Mills (1959) had women undergo a severe or mild "initiation" to become a member of a group. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. This difference in Sandy's playing is most likely the result of_______. Two studies reported by Janis and King (1954; 1956) clearly showed that, at least under some conditions, the private opinion changes so as to bring it into closer correspondence with the overt behavior the person was forced to perform. This has many practical implications. This is further explained in Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith's study in 1954. No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. But other factors would enter also. Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. Add to folder Please sign in to share these flashcards. One would consequently expect to observe such opinion change after a person has been forced or induced to say something contrary to his private opinion. When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function. Scott, W. A. We wish to thank Leonard Hommel, Judson Mills, and Robert Terwilliger for their help in designing and carrying out the experiment. What is more, as one might expect, the percentage of subjects who complied increased as the size of the offered reward increased. They had not enjoyed the experiment, but now they were asked to lie and say they had enjoyed it. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. endstream endobj 81 0 obj <>>>/Metadata 53 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[92 0 R]>>/Pages 73 0 R/StructTreeRoot 70 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 82 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 83 0 obj <>stream Two Ss (both in the One Dollar condition) told the girl that they had been hired, that the experiment was really boring but they were supposed to say it was fun. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. /T 679093 112 0000010779 00000 n Festinger, L. (1957). Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. . JANIS, I.L. In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. After the debate, students expressed beliefs closer to their debate position than before (Scott, 1957).

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