japan coastal erosion

2342 Shattuck Ave. #300, Berkeley, CA 94704 | Phone: (510) 423-0372 | Email: nautilus@nautilus.org. Sea of Japan, Japanese Nihon-kai, Russian Yaponskoye More, also called East Sea, Korean Tonghae or Donghae, marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean. 1 Introduction In Japan, coastal erosion affects most of the shoreline along the Sea of Japan, though seldom along the Pacific coast. Nat. 0xUdpCa0!@ZZFGRg`9X]_**03V5wHR e>q WM3>{`{g 123, 30693083 (2018). The problem of coastal erosion. Originally created in France in the late 1940s, theyve found a real home in Japan thanks to their mother company, Fudo Tetra. & Symonds, G. The Southern Oscillation Index, wave climate, and beach rotation. A stones throw off the coastline, dozens of gigantic, 10-ton concrete structures known as Tetrapods form a long row and lookif were being honestas if a giant dumped a behemoth box of jacks into the sea. Res. 2023 World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, Nonlinear Science, Chaos & Dynamical Systems, Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering: To obtain The National Parks Act and the Seto Inland Sea Preservation Special Measures Act cover the protection of nature. Erosion and Accretion are mutually supportive processes. Coast. Coast. Vos, K., Harley, M. D., Splinter, K. D., Simmons, J. 13, 12431265 (1993). Storm conditions combined with high tides can cause especially severe damage. Morphodynamics and evolution of estuarine sandspits along the Bight of Benin coast, West Africa. Earth Surf. For the past seven years, he has marketed a stuffed Tetrapod made out of nubby grey felt, allowing people to bring a little piece of the concrete seaside into their own home. 380, 196204 (2016). With your current subscription plan you can comment on stories. Japan is part of the Asian temperate monsoon climatic region, and it is bathed by the warm Japan Current on the Pacific side and Tsushima Current on the Sea of Japan side of the country. The impact of the 200910 El Nio Modoki on US West Coast beaches. J. Mod. We thank the United States Geological Survey/NASA for providing high-quality open-access data to the scientific community, Google Earth Engine for facilitating the access to the archive of publicly available satellite imagery, NOAA for maintaining updated time series of the major climate indices, ECMWF for the reanalysis ERA5 data and multi-mission altimetry dataset, CNES/LEGOS/CLS/AVISO for producing the global tide model FES2014 and F. Briol for developing the Python wrapper and the OpenStreetMap project and contributors (https://www.openstreetmap.org) for their extensive geospatial database. In Proceedings of the ESA Living Planet Symposium 913 (ESA, 2016); https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/, OpenStreetMap contributers (OSM, 2017); https://planet.osm.org. ), the hydro-sphere (sea climate, sea bottom topography, water quality and bottom quality, etc. 91, 490506 (1965). Nat. Geophys. A. jointly supervised this work. This highlights the inescapable need in Japan to make efficient use of its coastal zones. Coast. Geol. Lett. The past long-term shoreline change was found to be related to coastal protection measures according to Japan's national policy (Coast Act). Davidson, M. A., Turner, I. L., Splinter, K. D. & Harley, M. D. Annual prediction of shoreline erosion and subsequent recovery. They can hit anywhere in Japan, but they are most common on the Pacific coast. Automatic extraction of shorelines from Landsat TM and ETM+ multi-temporal images with subpixel precision. These structures work to force the water around and through their wonky, unnatural forms, dispersing the crash of the waves instead of simply blocking them. Kilian Vos. In his eyes, the Mississippi Rivers flow into the Gulf (largely polluted with fertilizers and contaminants) is destroying the ecosystems resilience at an annual clip. Isobe, Masahiko. 0000007916 00000 n The analysis predicts erosion of Japan's coastline up to 79% from 2007 to 2100. That means domestic areas arent as prone to the type of seismic activity that propagate earthquakes and tsunamis. A constant reminder of this complex interplay are the concrete structures that line more than 40% of Japans jagged coastline. Your California Privacy Rights | Do Not Sell My Personal Information Coastal Erosion vs. Beach Erosion 12 C. Coastal Hazards 13 D. Ho'olaulima 14 II. J. 16, 113127 (1991). Geomorphology 333, 6172 (2019). We also thank R. Ibaceta for his input and insightful discussions on ENSO and shoreline change. 12, 450455 (2019). Yeh, S. W. et al. Res. To translate the full report, please use the translator in the top right corner of the page. Its area is 377,600 square miles (978,000 square km). Masselink, G. & Short, A. D. The effect of tide range on beach morphodynamics and morphology: a conceptual beach model. Geophys. Soc. On the basis of more than 83,000 beach transects covering 8,300km of sandy coastline, we find that approximately one-third of all transects experience significant erosion during El Nio phases. In contrast, the east coast's embayed (i.e. Article Finally, conclusions are drawn about the present state of ICZM in Japan. Cai, W. et al. Lett. Survey Report on the Nationwide Coastal Zone Preservation and Utilization Plan, p. 336. Japan child abuse cases reach new record; revenge porn on the rise, Japan to rename sex crime to highlight illegality of nonconsensual intercourse, Why Japan couldnt send its foreign minister to a key G20 meeting, Same-sex married couple hopeful Japan court will overturn residential status decision, Details emerge on teenage suspect in stabbing at Saitama school. Day and Robert James Nicholls, The Conversation. Conditions are so different, its almost impossible to compare the two places, Kato says. & Mndez, F. J. Table 2 shows a comparison of the Tokyo Bay and San Francisco Bay areas. The lead author was supported by a UNSW Scientia PhD scholarship. 9, 785800 (1993). Californians should expect a two-lane . Coastal erosion also, in essence, means that the land of Japan itself is lost. 133, 126141 (2018). Pacific Northwest notwithstanding, the majority of the United States coastline doesnt run along any major faults. Coastal erosion in Japan. 3, 168172 (2010). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Barnard, P. L. et al. Geosci.) It consists of a great string of islands in a northeast-southwest arc that stretches for approximately 1,500 miles (2,400 km) through the western North Pacific Ocean. And when I ask about the Gulf Coasts current problem with erosion (a complex situation encompassing massive tasks likesediment management), Kato says that, unlike in Japan, the interior of the US seems to be working against the coast as much, if not more, than the ocean. Geophys. California has been planning for Highway 1's future for years, and the state's Coastal Commission has been charged with protecting the highway, Ewing said. Extreme wave activity during 2013/2014 winter and morphological impacts along the Atlantic coast of Europe. Sci. Res. Analysis of erosion speeds of sand-pebble coasts as determined by comparing of past and present topographic maps shows that coastal erosion has accelerated in the post-war era (Tanaka et al., 1993). 25, 886902 (2012). Japan is covered with mountainous regions unsuitable for intense human utilization. Geol. From an engineering point of view, erosion of the rocky coast may be neglected, except when unconsolidated strata of the sea cliffs are eroded. Geosci. Basic Survey on the Preservation of the Natural Environment, Sea Region Survey Report, p. 339, p. 203, and p. 20, respectively. Geosci. by Sophie A. The Maniapparel founders passion is palpable as he speaks about the structures, getting a little misty-eyed about the time he was able to watch workers pour the concrete into the mold as a Tetrapod was be born., Just like someone had to decide to make a shark or lion something cute by making it plush, Im doing the same thing with the Tetrapod, he mused. & Howell, J. The founder and mastermind behind the company Maniapparelwho asked that his name and likeness not revealed due to a strict day jobhas made it his off-the-clock mission to make the Tetrapod feel accessible to the masses. (While the Institute says that somewhere between 8-10 percent of Japanese coastlines are covered by concrete armoring, other outlets have estimated it may be upwards of 50 percent.). There are four types of erosion: Hydraulic action - this is the sheer. Coastal erosion is a problem of utmost importance in Japan because coastal erosion compromises the ability of coastal zones to act as front-line defenses against floods, tsunamis, and rough seas, to provide adequate utilization functions, and to maintain the integrity of shallow water ecosystems. Nat. Res. Phillips, M. S., Harley, M. D., Turner, I. L., Splinter, K. D. & Cox, R. J. Shoreline recovery on wave-dominated sandy coastlines: the role of sandbar morphodynamics and nearshore wave parameters. Consequently, humans must monitor and manage each facet in an integrated manner to ensure that the human relationship to coastal zones remains harmonious. Rep. 8, 6641 (2018). Nat. ", Toward Integrated Coastal Management in Japan, drainage basin population density (individuals/km. And boy, arent they popular. 43, pp. & Turner, I. L. Sub-annual to multi-decadal shoreline variability from publicly available satellite imagery. 0000001796 00000 n J. Clim. The global Landsat archive: status, consolidation, and direction. 26, 94629476 (2013). Healthy dunes and wetlands can provide a barrier between the water's edge and your property, creating a first line of defense. The maintenance of coastal sand drifts provides another example of ICZM. Eng. We have some national parks where were trying not to use the concrete sea walls or anything like that in order to preserve the scenery. Papers on Coastal Engineering, Vol. Res. In fact, Tetrapods have become such an ingrained part of the Japanese landscape that theyve even gained some footing as a pop culture touchstone. Geophys. When the balance breaks down between the sand flowing in and out, thats when the erosion startsand the waters in the Gulf are already shallow.. One specific project which aims to both restore and create habitat is a project to create an artificial dry beach in Itsukai City in Hiroshima Prefecture. (1980, 1984, and 1992). From seawalls and embankments to wave-dissipating blocks and breakwaters, concrete has been used as the principal line of defense against the forces of the sea throughout the postwar period. A second objective is to aid in appropriate human utilization of coastal areas. Correspondence to Ashok, K., Behera, S. K., Rao, S. A., Weng, H. & Yamagata, T. El Nio Modoki and its possible teleconnection. 1286-1290. In other words, the status of the environmental foundation determines the health and viability of coastal zones. Research goals & Methodology. Pacific shoreline erosion and accretion patterns controlled by El Nio/Southern Oscillation. Soc. In the following sections we will examine the current status of Japans coastal zone relative to the three functional aspects of coastal zones important to humans mentioned above-disaster prevention, human utilization, and provision of ecological services. Continued increase of extreme El Nin frequency long after 1.5C warming stabilization. ISSN 1752-0894 (print). & Vandenhove, M. Primary drivers of multidecadal spatial and temporal patterns of shoreline change derived from optical satellite imagery. 0000012109 00000 n Water Research Laboratory, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Manly Vale, New South Wales, Australia, Kilian Vos,Mitchell D. Harley,Ian L. Turner&Kristen D. Splinter, You can also search for this author in SENDAI, JapanIts a blustery day and Im standing on a giant concrete seawall, staring over the water. Some 37% of Ghana's coastal land was lost to erosion and flooding between 2005 and 2017. Off-shore barriers were found to be more effective in controlling rough seas and coastal beach currents. ICZM Theoretical Framework 0000019186 00000 n Wolter, K. & Timlin, M. S. El Nio/Southern Oscillation behaviour since 1871 as diagnosed in an extended multivariate ENSO index (MEI.ext). It was the largest in Japan's history, and created a massive tsunami that impacted Japan's northeastern coast. But the wall itself holds less interest to me than its supporting cast members a few hundred yards out into the water. 416-417. Its not as if, Kato laughs, America doesnt have the know-how or technology to go a more structurally-based route. Japan, island country lying off the east coast of Asia. Thus, prevention of disasters related to typhoons, tsunamis, and erosion is one important functional aspect of coastal zones that must taken into account in any ICZM schemes developed in Japan. It may look sharp, but you can actually hug it. 1. Additionally, the roots of plants help stabilize sand along a beach. Change 7, 568572 (2017). Severe storm surges flooded several communities in 2021, prompting the evacuation of thousands of people. Until recently prevention of disasters was the primary focus of Japanese coastal zone management. Join the Ars Orbital Transmission mailing list to get weekly updates delivered to your inbox. 45, 101798 (2021). All authors discussed the results and reviewed the manuscript. Since Cyclone Xaver struck the Norfolk coast in December 2013, threatening to destroy her bungalow atop the sandy cliffs of Happisburgh, she has been living in a ramshackle caravan perched on what is left of her small paddock. Kato visited New Orleans in the wake of Hurricane Katrina to help assess damage. Coastal erosion is unstoppable. This dry beach provides a feeding and resting area for birds such as sea gulls, snipes and plovers. Eng. Japan has established no ICZM system for maintaining the integrity of the coastal zone. Young, I. R. Seasonal variability of the global ocean wind and wave climate. J. (Tetrapod, iPod, get it?) Sea level anomalies exacerbate beach erosion. The southern oscillation. Res. 95, 351355 (2020). This could be due to a conflict with your ad-blocking or security software. He gestured to a scrubby patch of trees where a veritable forest once stood. 55, 10791129 (2017). 70 0 obj <> endobj xref 70 22 0000000016 00000 n We use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience. Regardless of unknown variables, the minimum projected rate of beach loss in the near future is 18%, according to the study. Dune protection is extremely important for the health of the coastal ecosystems, as well as for property protection. Hansen, J. E. & Barnard, P. L. Sub-weekly to interannual variability of a high-energy shoreline. Internet Explorer). Santoso, A., Mcphaden, M. J. One of the earli- est extensive beach nourishment projects undertaken in the United States was in Harrison County, Mississippi, in the 1950s. In particular, high energy tsunamis are frequently experienced in the Sanriku region in the northeast part of the main island of Honshu. Stud. The number of birds on the artificial beach rivals the number that were present before its construction. A wide variety of structures have been built in Japan with the express purpose of preserving coastal areas against the above-discussed problems of typhoon-flooding, tsunamis, and slow coastal erosion. Each classified area is overseen by a different ministry such as the Ministry of Transportation, Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries, or Ministry of Construction. Sample Chapter(s)Chapter 1: What is Beach Erosion? (Kaga) district where rapid and serious erosion is due to the area's sizeable industrial centres and port developments. After the earthquake and tsunami hit [in 2011], weve been rebuilding everything, but a lot hasnt come back yet, Yoshinori Okuyama, Director General of the Sendai Bay South Coast Office, noted. Download scientific diagram | Location of five beaches in Japan (Sendai, Niigata, Kashiwazaki, Kochi, and Miyazaki). Such ecosystems exist in generally harsh conditions-conditions of strong winds, high salt concentrations, and wide conditions such as fluctuations in air and water temperature. (1996) Reinvestigation of Coastal Zone Characteristics Evaluation Methods based on an Awareness Survey, Papers on Coastal Engineering, Vol. To provide protection against coastal erosion, thereby reducing threats to the critical roadway. A. Understanding ENSO diversity. A particularly damaging typhoon hit the Tokyo area in 1953. 43, 21352143 (2016). & Cai, W. The defining characteristics of ENSO extremes and the strong 2015/2016 El Nio. Please check your inbox for the reset password link that is only valid for 24 hours. India lost about one third of its coastline to erosion between 1990 and 2016, putting at risk more than 560 million people living in coastal areas. Res. Tamizu, Tatsuyuki. Were not trying to completely stop the waves from coming in a tsunami, thats impossible, says Okuyama. High tides in the three major bays of Tokyo, Ise, and Osaka, as well as in the Ariake Straits, can be amplified by storm winds. KATOKU, Japan Standing on its mountain-fringed beach, there is no hint that the Japanese village of Katoku even exists. Critique 17 B. Mentaschi, L., Vousdoukas, M. I., Pekel, J.-F., Voukouvalas, E. & Feyen, L. Global long-term observations of coastal erosion and accretion. and JavaScript. By 96, 921938 (2014). Mimura et al. Comparison of those cities, towns, and villages which border coast lines with those which are landlocked in terms of their area, population, value of industrial shipments, and value of commercial sales shows that despite the fact that waterfront municipalities do not exceed 32% of the total area, they account for 45% of the population, 47% of the value of industrial shipments, and 77% of the value of commercial sales. 3, No. Nat. The largest subsidence along the coast has exceeded 1 m in the last 40 years. Current Coastal Environment Status Geosci. Almost all causes of the beach erosion in Japan are due to anthropogenic factors as a result of human activity. These figures clearly underscore just how central coastal zones are to human activity in Japan. Coast. (316 KB). 44, 18481856 (2017). ICZM seeks to integrate the ecological, disaster prevention, and human utilization functions of coastal zones. Earth Sci. 150, 160174 (2019). That puts things in a tenuous position when a hurricane or other natural disaster arrives as a one-off tool for destruction. Walls of water swept over the coast of northeastern Japan, claiming more than 15,000 lives and destroying hundreds of thousands of buildings, together with 60 percent of seawalls. In the rubble-covered wasteland that remained, scholars, activists, and fishermen alike saw a chance to rethink how . Rev. Approximately 3000 fishing ports and 1000 commercial ports have been built nationwide, as well as 2532 large dams being constructed in the upstream basins of large rivers. Japan's coasts have already undergone significant erosion due to rapid national development after World War II; future beach erosions would significantly affect areas behind the coasts. The worst recorded typhoon-induced damaged was experienced in the Ise Bay Typhoon of 1959 which caused a high tide deflection of 3.4 meters and resulted in more than 5000 deaths and damage to almost one million buildings. December 6, 2018 At first glance, Nishiawakura a village in southern . Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Generally, coasts exposed to open ocean are separated into sandy beaches and rocky coasts. 0000003368 00000 n A Tetrapod (which, Japanese engineers are quick to remind you, is a proper name, even if it has become a generic catchall) is a four-footed, porous, concrete "breakwater barrier" used to prevent. Sorry, but your browser needs Javascript to use this site. Appl. Geosci. The landscape here has the underpinnings of recovery but still feels largely decimated: housing foundations lay bare while weeds and wildflowers grow chest-high. Creation of a healthy and stable environmental foundation is the goal of ICZM. Geomorphology 413, 108360 (2022). Two tsunamis, however, hit the Sea of Japan coast in 1983 and 1993, which underscores the need for vigilance in this area as well. Castelle, B., Ritz, A., Marieu, V., Nicolae Lerma, A. Barnard, P. L. et al. . Nat. To learn more see our FAQ. The seawall, as you might imagine, is a tall, sloped structure intended to keep the sea and the land somewhat apart. State and County Tools 17 2. J. Clim. Ranasinghe, R., McLoughlin, R., Short, A. A final objective is to comprehensively integrate the separate efforts undertaken to achieve the first three objectives. He plops a big packet in front of me written in dueling English and Japanese about the challenge and benefits of various breakwater barrierssea walls, concrete headlands, Tetrapods, and the like. AAaaaaaaaaaaaagh . Tetrapods, nightmares coming back. Your email address will not be published. Southern Oscillation Influences on the Gold Coasts summer wave climate. Coast. Required fields are marked *. Nature 461, 511514 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.07.011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107707, https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.papers.65. One of the purposes of Mimura et al.s method is to overcome the trade-offs between the objectives. Increased frequency of extreme La Nia events under greenhouse warming. Their attitude is one that feels more practical, and bleak, than anything ever expressed in the US when it comes to natural disaster prevention. https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.papers.65 (2020). typhoons, and coastal erosion Other vulnerable sectors include agriculture, forestry, fisheries, water resources, coastal management, natural ecosystems and their services, and human health US$115 billion is needed to protect Japan infrastructure against just a 1 m rise in sea-levels National frameworks and policies need to Erosion and tidal surges are threatening fishing communities in West Africa. 12, 4089 (2020). Environment Agency of Japan. Nippon Foundation of Japan Fellowship Programme, and to contribute to the development of . This book presents the state of the beaches throughout Japan, looking at the current reality and the classification of causes of beach erosion using real-life, illustrated examples. The Massachusetts Coastal Erosion Commission was established in 2014 as part of the FY 2014 Budget Bill. Environ. (2 points) Plunging breaker Spilling breaker Surging breaker Tsunami wave, What coastal erosion feature does the arrow point to in the image below? & Yu, J. Y. In addition, a sand control dam was constructed with a sand flushport so that soil is expelled during normal hours. Introduction to the Importance of Coastal Area Read our affiliate link policy. 20.5.1 ) is about 34,000 km long, including the coasts fringing the smaller islands. Given that the average erosion speed for sand-pebble beaches is 0.168 m (approximately one-sixth of a meter), and that the average width of these beaches is 30 meters (Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries et al., 1990), a simple calculation reveals that at this speed all such beaches will be lost in 180 years. Van de Lageweg, W. I., Bryan, K. R., Coco, G. & Ruessink, B. G. Observations of shorelinesandbar coupling on an embayed beach. Google Scholar. Mar. J. Geophys. In Japan, the management of coastal land is under the jurisdiction of several agencies. Analysis of changes in the coastline reveal that as artificial coastline has increased, and that natural coastline has correspondingly decreased. Wulder, M. A. et al. Capotondi, A. et al. Q. J. R. Meteorol. The basis of ICZM is that it must strive to maintain a healthy environmental foundation. The environmental foundation is defined to be the coast type (craggy, pebble, muddy), and the combined characteristics of the atmo-sphere (climate, air quality, light, sound, odor, etc. Japan has 91 meters of coastline per square kilometer of total land area. Eng. Geography Geoscience Geographic Database Projection of Japanese coastal erosion due to climate change using a geographic database Authors: Nobuhito Mori Kyoto University Sota Nakajo Kumamoto. In 2011, a team in the Netherlands came up with an innovative solution. In addition, the Sea of Japan side of Japan is buffeted by strong winds and rough seas in the winter. I wanted a Tetrapod in my bedroom, but the real one is too big, and if I hit it in the night, it would hurt, he laughed, noting that he has a personal taste that favors non-organic materials and sterilized design. The total length of Japans coastline is roughly 35,000 kilometers. Li, N., Yamazaki, Y., Roeber, V., Cheung, K. F. & Chock, G. Probabilistic mapping of storm-induced coastal inundation for climate change adaptation. Satellite-derived shoreline detection at a high-energy meso-macrotidal beach. Whats more, other companies have caught on, with things like Tetrapod-shaped ice molds now available for purchase. 0000003257 00000 n Ranasinghe, R. Assessing climate change impacts on open sandy coasts: a review. Stretching along the Sea of Japan, the Ishikawa coast benefits from a number of diverse and contrasting coastal zone ecosystems exhibiting different physiographic, topographic and geomorphologic characteristics. Reg. & Feyen, L. Global changes of extreme coastal wave energy fluxes triggered by intensified teleconnection patterns. Specifically, it must address the ecological, human utilization, and disaster prevention aspects discussed above. Environ. Izumo, T. et al. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. This underscores the fact that human activity in Japan has reached a level where its impact on coastal zones can not be ignored. It stops the waves from beating down on the shore, whether during a gales of a tsunami or the daily lap of erosion. 0000002592 00000 n Its objective was the prevention of disasters. 40, pp. Climate change drowning West African coastline. & Palomar-Vzquez, J. In the 30-year period from 1962 to 1992 protective structures were built on about 4,248 km of coast. Destructive waves are responsible for erosion on the coastline. Agricultural Structure Improvement Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Fisheries Agency of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Harbor Bureau of the Ministry of Transportation, and the River Bureau of the Ministry of Construction.

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