list of guards at nuremberg trials

During watch on one bitter cold night, Prestianni contracted pneumonia and collapsed, unconscious. Emilio DiPalma (right) stands on guard at the Nuremberg Trials in 1945. They saw the horrible films the NAZIs took and heard the case the prosecution presented with all the evidence and saw the brutal photos, It was very hard on these young women, but they did their job they were asked to do. ;"God protect Germany. [174] The judges interpreted crimes against humanity narrowly; they determined that crimes against German Jews before 1939 were not under the court's jurisdiction because the prosecution had not proven a connection to aggressive war. I need your: Prestianni played checkers and chess with four of the prisoners and argued politics with others. He had actually tried to usurp Hitlers authority during the last days of the Reich but remained an ardent supporter of the Nazi regime during the trial, often proving himself a skilled debater. Prestianni guarded Streicher many times. A mother of three small children, she would eventually serve as a guard at Auschwitz, Ravensbruck and Majdanek concentration camps. Those incarcerated at the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg were allowed very limited and sporadic visitation rights with lawyers and family members. Even before this decision, around 1,000 former Latvian Legion soldiers had served as guards at the Nuremberg trials, guarding Nazi war criminals. Text Size:thredup ambassador program how to dress more masculine for a woman. FRD provides custom research services to federal agencies, the District of Columbia government, and authorized federal contractors. She kept a scrapbook which had photos of her group and many signatures of court officials and army officers commending them for their service. He was another of Prestiannis favorite checker-playing opponents. The 3rd Battalion of the 26th Infantry Reg., "Blue Spaders," of the 1st Infantry Division were chosen to secure the historic Nuremberg War Crimes Trials. [84][85] The American prosecution drew on reports of the Office of Strategic Services and information provided by the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research and the American Jewish Committee. [179], The exact sentences to be given each defendant were debated at length by the judges. The Palace of Justice was relatively intact but needed to be renovated for the trial due to bomb damage; it had an attached prison where the defendants could be held. This brass pot held the holy water that an attending priest sprinkled on the condemned immediately before their execution. Nuremberg Trials Quotes (7 quotes) - Goodreads Number 3 was Konstantin von Neurath, a former high-ranking politician. [103], Much of the American case focused on the development of the Nazi conspiracy before the outbreak of war. When asked how the individual personalities, habits, and mannerisms differed, Prestianni responded that they were varied. But, he gave us no problem and I found him engaging to talk to and an excellent checkers player.. He didnt really talk to me very much. [81] Senior American officials believed that convicting organizations was a good way of showing that not just the top German leaders were responsible for crimes, without condemning the entire German people. If he is American it will be easier to find some kind of information about him. "[1][163] The judges did not attempt to define aggression[164] and decided not to mention the retroactivity of the charges in the verdict. The Nrnberg trials were a series of trials held in Nrnberg, Germany, in 1945 and 1946 following the end of World War II. Uncover the topics related to the Nuremberg trials. I do have a photo of my Dad standing behind the German prisoners. My mother gave the journal to my oldest brother who died in 1998. Corrections? . Prestianni particularly liked Speer, Hitlers architect and the designer of many of Berlins most spectacular buildings and later minister of armament and munitions. The speech was favorably received by the prosecution, the tribunal, the audience, historians, and even the defendants. On October 1, 1946, the International Military Tribunal handed down its verdicts in the trials of 22 Nazi leaders - eleven were given the death penalty, three were acquitted, three were given life imprisonment and four were given imprisonment ranging from 10 to 20 years. Staff Sgt. [52][46] The Soviet personnel's lack of knowledge of English, lack of interpreters, and unfamiliarity with diplomacy and international institutions also limited their influence. Twelve of the defendants were sentenced to death, three to life imprisonment, four to imprisonment ranging from 10 to 20 years, and three were acquitted. [186] These trials were held under Law No. Examine the Nrnberg (Nuremberg) trials of formerleaders of Nazi Germany for war crimes, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Nurnberg-trials, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Holocaust Encyclopedia - The Nuremberg Trials, Famous Trials - Nuremberg Trials (1945-49), Nuremberg Trials - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Nuremberg trials - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Konstantin von Neurath at the Nrnberg trials, Ernst Kaltenbrunner at the Nrnberg trials. He was made an MP after the war William A Shoemaker from North Carolina. Why Were Sunglasses Worn at the Nuremberg Trials? [49][48] The French government tried to appoint staff who were not tainted by collaboration with the Vichy regime; some appointments were of those who had been in the French resistance. The judgement argued that aggressive war had already been illegal, even if no one had been punished for it, and therefore the German leaders could not count on immunity from prosecution. Some passively resigned themselves to their futures while others fought it off and never fully accepted their fates. [14][15] The exact form that retribution would take was left unresolved at the Yalta Conference in February 1945. Ribbentrop, Prestianni related, was a man without humor. [46] The British chief prosecutor was Hartley Shawcross, assisted by David Maxwell Fyfe, who had been the attorney general in Churchill's government. He guarded top Nazis at Nuremberg trials; now he'll share his story By CAROL SMITH, P-I REPORTER Updated Nov 7, 2007 Jack Carver holds a portrait of top-ranking Nazi Hermann Goering, whom he met. During his three-month tour of duty at Nuremberg prison, Prestianni was assigned to 16 different prisoners. Gifts, usually clothing, soap, tobacco, and family photos, could be given to prisoners after inspection by a guard. Posted September 22, 2014. [183][184] The judges proved their independence from the governments that appointed them, the defendants were seen as receiving due process, and the evidence of guilt amassed by the prosecution was overwhelming. Still others displayed docile and taciturn mannerisms and personalities. BAY CITY . [101] He described the fact that the defeated Nazis received a trial as "one of the most significant tributes that Power has ever paid to Reason". Ambassador-Plenipotentiary 193536. Courtroom MPs wore stylish white MP-emblazoned helmet liners and similarly labeled brassards. The first session, under the presidency of Gen. I.T. They just never admitted to it. Alfried was tried in a separate Nuremberg trial (the Krupp Trial) for the use of slave labor, thereby escaping worse charges and possible execution; found guilty in 1948, pardoned and all property returned 1951. [76] Of the 24 men indicted, Martin Bormann was tried in absentia, as the Allies were unaware of his death; Krupp was too ill to stand trial; and Robert Ley committed suicide. , That used to shut him up but usually only for a few minutes, and then he would start up again with the jokes. They were told they would be part of history. After trial, incarcerated at. Schirach, who had been replaced by Hitler as head of the youth movement in 1940 and drafted into Army service where he saw considerable combat on the Eastern Front, maintained his decorum and seldom responded to the teasing. All sessions of the tribunal were held in Nrnberg, Germany, under the presidency of Lord Justice Geoffrey Lawrence. [61], The problem of translating the indictment and evidence into the three official languages of the tribunal, as well as German, was severe due to the scale of the task and difficulty in recruiting interpreters, especially in the Soviet Union. Three of the defendants were acquitted. Alexandru Nicolin on LinkedIn: Waffen-SS Soldiers Guarded the Nuremberg Twelve of the defendants would be sentenced to death. [221] The IMT defendants required Soviet permission for release; Speer was not successful in obtaining early release, and Hess remained in prison until his death in 1987. The trial, which had lasted nearly 10. Between 1939 and 1945, Nazi Germany invaded many countries across Europe, inflicting 27 million deaths in the Soviet Union alone. [228][24] The charge of crimes against humanity, the charge of conspiracy, and imposing criminal penalties on individuals for breaches of international law were also novel but attracted little criticism. My father was an MP at The Nuremberg Trails. Generally, I would describe the food, as I recall, quite good, Prestianni remembers. After the war, she and other WACS were asked to stay for the Nuremburg trials to serve as stenographers . 18008 Bothell Everett Hwy SE # F, Bothell, WA 98012. He was largely overlooked in prison, Prestianni said of von Papen. On Wednesday, January 31 1951, a curious bit of revelry took place in Landsberg prison as 10 war criminals condemned to death by the Nuremberg military tribunals learned they would live after all. [43] The United States prosecution believed that Nazism was the product of a German deviation from Western history (the Sonderweg thesis) and sought to correct this deviation with a trial that would serve both retributive and educational purposes. Nuremberg, Germany, November 1945. Despite being accused of the same crimes, Sauckel was sentenced to death, while Speer was given a prison sentence because the judges considered that he could reform. U.S. veteran Gerald M. Boe, the guard for Hermann Gring during the Nuremberg Trials, shares his memories of that time. The door was opened just enough to allow Streicher to enter. The Estonian Guard Co. 4221 was formed to answer the need to guard the Nuremberg courthouse and the prison where accused Nazi War Criminals were held. Ambassador to the United Kingdom 193638. 'I knew my father would be hanged': Remembering Nuremberg Meals were brought to the prisoners on a precise schedule each day on wheeled, double-tiered push carts by German prisoners from other sections of the prison who were being held for civil crimes. After one of those accused, Robert Ley, former director of the nations Labor Front, hanged himself from a drain pipe with a torn towel, prisoners were kept under constant visual surveillance by guards, and while sleeping were forced to do so with their faces and hands exposed above their blankets at all times. Between 1939 and 1945, Nazi Germany waged war across Europe, invading Czechoslovakia, Poland, the Low Countries, France, Denmark, Norway, Yugoslavia, Greece, and the Soviet Union, among others. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. John C. Woods, hangman at Nuremberg Anyone else might have been embarrassed about botching such a high-level execution. The . A further 12. [38], In early 1946, there were a thousand employees from the four countries' delegations in Nuremberg, of which about two-thirds were from the United States. The Nuremberg trials were a series of 13 trials carried out in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1949 to try those accused of Nazi war crimes. [167] The judges were aware that both the Allies and the Axis had planned or committed acts of aggression, writing the verdict carefully to avoid discrediting either the Allied governments or the tribunal. [207][208] In a 1946 poll, 78 percent of Germans assessed the trial as fair, but four years later that had fallen to 38 percent, with 30 percent considering it unfair. Unbelievable but true - an entire unit of former Waffen-SS Grenadiers were retrained and deployed by the Americans to help guard the Nuremberg Trials in 1946-49. The Nazi Defendants in the Major War Criminal Trial in Nuremberg Two of the six were acquitted, two given prison terms and two sentenced to death. The prisons concrete walls, most of which were more than three feet thick, encased the solitary cell window that offered the prisoners no view of the outside world. [158][136] In contrast to the opening prosecution statements, all eight closing statements highlighted the Holocaust; and the French and British prosecutors made this the main charge, as opposed to that of aggression. The Nuremberg prison was a Bastille-like affair. The intentionally weakened table and chair, Prestianni said, prevented possible suicide attempts by hanging. The Ugly Truth About the Nuremberg Tribunals. Prestianni, the guard contingent, and supervisors under the command of Colonel B.C. All guards were forced to stand practically motionless at parade rest behind their assigned prisoner seated before them in the dock. Hitler's Minister of Economics; succeeded Schacht as head of the, Hitler's Deputy Fhrer until he flew to Scotland in 1941 in an attempt to broker peace with the United Kingdom. In July 1945 the 98 th set up operations in a hospital in Munich, and several months later Col. Burton C. Andrus, prison commandant at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice, requested Gerecke's service. I would have kept my distance from them.. The tribunal responded that such acts had been regarded as criminal prior to World War II. His name was Raymond J Arsenault. Gerald lives in MN. Although controversial at the time for their use of ex post facto law, the trials' innovation of holding individuals responsible for violations of international law established international criminal law. [143] Although a few defense lawyers inverted the arguments of the prosecution to assert that the Germans' authoritarian mindset and obedience to the state exonerated them from any personal guilt, most rejected such arguments. I rather liked him for the way he acted toward us. Jackson. He would have been 92 the following month. She was released after four years and eventually committed suicide in a Bavarian prison. [146][147] Defense lawyer Alfred Seidl[de] repeatedly tried to disclose the secret protocols of the GermanSoviet pact. [41][42], The United States' chief prosecutor was Supreme Court justice Robert H. However, some Russian guards who had perhaps the best reason to want to harshly punish the former German leaders in retaliation for previous atrocities and other crimes committed in the Soviet Union, were friendly and, even in some cases, considerate of the prisoners and American personnel.. That was enough. The BOTCHED Executions Of The Nuremberg Trials - YouTube [94] All defendants pleaded not guilty. Outside the cellblock complex, a small courtyard with a few scraggly pear trees allowed each prisoner the opportunity to walk for 20 minutes each day. Answer (1 of 3): Yes, he was a German lawyer named Otto Stahmer from Kiel. He always was respectful, always the consummate gentleman. Speer was convicted and served 20 years in prison. These were the intellectuals; the ramrod-stiff military officers; the cunning politicians; the worlds most vicious, depraved, notorious mass murderers; an architect; a filthy-minded and sex-obsessed anti-Semitic newspaper publisher; a gentle writer of poetry; the bombastic bullies; an unrepentant, ghost-like figure; the subservient military lackeys; and even their self-appointed leader, a bloated, drug-addicted former war hero. By creating an Aryan nation, the world would look up to and envy Germany for its racial purity.. we went to Germany with and my younger brother was born there, dad remained un the Army until 1960, when he retired after 32 years service. [67] Former Nazis were allowed to serve as counsel[45] and by mid-November all defendants had lawyers. Other than that, Hess had no social interaction with the other prisoners. The tribunal was given the authority to find any individual guilty of the commission of war crimes (counts 13 listed above) and to declare any group or organization to be criminal in character. [165] The official interpretation of the IMT held that all of the charges had a solid basis in customary international law,[166] which was elaborated in the verdict. [240] The IMT is one of the most well-studied trials in history, and it has also been the subject of an abundance of books and scholarly publications, along with motion pictures such as Judgment at Nuremberg (1961) and The Memory of Justice (1976). He told multiple stories of his time there. One can only imagine the effect the pounding had on the condemned prisoners, now with only one more day to live. [185] Twelve military trials were convened solely by the United States in the same courtroom that had hosted the International Military Tribunal. [66][67] The prosecutors wanted to try representative leaders of German politics, economy, and military; and the Americans had a list of 70 names at the London Conference. Some smiled while others snarled at each other or harshly criticized other individuals. [102] Jackson's focus was on the aggressive war charge, which he described as the root of the crimes against humanity and of war crimes. During the dead of winter, cell temperatures constantly hovered near freezing, partially due to severe coal shortages throughout most of Germany, and some prisoners were relegated to wearing stockings as gloves and wrapping their feet in underwear or any other available cloth to keep warm. Again, without a word being spoken, the door was slammed shut. list of guards at nuremberg trialsdelpark homes sutton list of guards at nuremberg trials. He was sent to Nuremburg and stood guard at the Judges quarters. War Crime Trials - The Wiener Holocaust Library What were the verdicts of Nrnberg trials? The whole focus was on keeping the prisoners under surveillance through the opening in the cell doors, Prestianni said. [46], The French prosecutor, Franois de Menthon, had just overseen trials of the leaders of Vichy France;[37] he resigned in January 1946 and was replaced by Auguste Champetier de Ribes. Nuremberg Trials | Encyclopedia.com [80][81] The aim was to have these organizations declared criminal, so that their members could be tried expeditiously for membership in a criminal organization. [39] Besides legal professionals, there were many social-science researchers, psychologists, translators and interpreters, and graphic designers, the latter to make the many charts used during the trial. [187] Pursuant to this law, United States forces had arrested almost 100,000 Germans as war criminals. Wells, was military policeman and a Provost Sergeant in charge of a special confinement unit whose responsibilities included providing security for the war crimes trials in Nrnberg. Nuremberg trials - Wikipedia These parapets included watchtowers at the four corners equipped with telephones to contact or summon supervising sergeants or lieutenants, who were constantly on call to resolve problems that might develop. Goring had been given a list of approved lawyers by the US authorities, but rejected every name on it. He guarded the prisoners in their cells and also stood guard in the court room. List of defendants at the International Military Tribunal [62] Vyshinsky demanded extensive corrections to the crimes-against-peace charges, especially regarding the role of the GermanSoviet pact in starting World War II. The names were -- Wippern, Hahnefeld and myself carried out the checking. I never treated him differently than I did the others I guarded.. The guards at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials | Harry S. Truman

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